Effects of Music Tempi on Music Preference, Intrinsic Motivation, and Flow 4 during Long-duration ExercisePsychological Effects of Music Tempi during Exercise

19 This study investigated the effects of music tempi on intrinsic motivation, flow, and music 20 tempo preference during long-duration exercise (~26 min). Subjects (N = 29) selected the 21 music of a single artist then walked at 70% of maximum heart rate reserveHRR (maxHRR) on 22 a treadmill under three experimental conditions (medium tempi, fast tempi, and mixed tempi) 23 and a no-music control. A tempo preference item, tThe Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, and 24 Flow State Scale-2 and a tempo preference item were completed after each trial. Data were 25 analyzed using a mixed-model (Gender x Condition) ANOVA and MANOVA. The Gender x 26 Condition interaction was non-significant in both analyses. Contrary to expectations 27 pertaining to the efficacy of mixed tempi music, the medium tempi music was actually more 28 preferred than this condition. the main effect indicated thatT the medium tempi also music 29 yielded the highest intrinsic motivation. A main effect was found for global flow, with follow30 up comparisons indicating that the medium tempi condition yielded higher scores than the 31 mixed and fast tempi conditions, and that experimental conditions yielded higher flow than 32 the no-music control. There were significant differences for tempo preference with pairwise 33 comparisons indicating that medium tempi was more preferred than the mixed tempi 34 conditionmusic (95% CI = .05 1.38, p < 0.05). It was concluded that a medium tempo tempi 35 music program was the most appropriate for an exercise intensity of 70% maxHRR. 36